Sequential Scanning / LOOPS

Chapter 19.6

LOOP in the Main Flight Attitudes

Reading and combining selected instruments is done by means of LOOPS. The instruments to be taken into consideration are:

Straight and Level Flight

• The airspeed results from attitude / PITCH and engine power / POWER.
  

• The flight attitude is controlled with the AI. If the wings are held level, the heading doesnot change.

STRAIGHT CLIMB

• Using light aircraft, as a general rule the maximum power / thrust available is used to climb (MAX POWER / THRUST AVAILABLE).
  

• The airspeed is stabilized by PITCH corrections.

Cruise Descent

• The rate of descent is stabilized by PITCH corrections. Its value is indicated on the VSI.
  

• The resulting airspeed depends on the power setting. If the wings are held level, the heading does not change.

• Depending on the type of aircraft, the power must be readjusted with decreasing altitude.

LOOPS in a Turn

A RATE ONE TURN is a curve where the airplane turns 3° per second. For a circle (360°) it takes 120 seconds / 2 minutes, for 180° / one minute.

The angular speed of a RATE ONE TURN is 3 ° per second.

Simplified formula for calculating the required inclination for a RATE ONE TURN:

STANDARD RATE TURN in LEVEL FLIGHT

• The PITCH is determined by the position of the aircraft symbol in the Al. The BANK can be read on the SKY POINTER in degrees, or it is adjusted using the RATE ONE TURN mark on the T/S or T/B.
  

• In addition to the loop for straight and level flight, the following points must be monitored during the turn:

STANDARD RATE TURN in CRUISE DESCENT

• PITCH and BANK control for a standard rate turn in level flight are also applicable for descending and climbing turns. The rate of descent depends on the pitch and the airspeed depends on the power setting.
  

• When the turn is started, high descent rates may occur, therefore the VSI must be included in the LOOP.

Adjustment of engine power in a Turn (sustainable and unsustainable turns)

In cruise, power is not adjusted for average turns (less than 30° bank), the speed reduction is negligible.

In slow flight, engine power must be adjusted for each turn depending on the bank.

Turning to a certain heading

Before beginning a turn, the chosen course is memorised and declared out loud. If a HEADING BUG is available, set it to the desired heading.

Rolling Out of a Turn to a Selected Heading

The angle (in degrees) required to roll out depends on the BANK. The higher the BANK, the earlier the roll out has to be started.